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??? 關鍵詞： 鎖相環；頻率合成器；CPLD
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?? 鎖相環(PLL)頻率合成器廣泛地應用于大規模數字集成電路，如視頻圖像處理系統、通訊系統和微處理器中的各種低抖動時鐘都是由PLL頻率合成器產生的[1]。
??? 本文應用鎖相環技術、頻率合成技術、CPLD技術及相關的電路設計軟件Protel99se和Altera公司的EDA開發軟件MAXPLUSⅡ，設計了一種基于鎖相環的頻率合成器，其目的是要把它應用到教學的演示實驗中，以方便學生操作和學習。
1?鎖相環頻率合成器的基本原理
??? 頻率合成器的基本原理是：利用綜合或合成的手段，綜合晶體振蕩器頻率穩定度、準確度高和可變頻率振蕩器改變頻率方便的優點，克服晶振點頻工作和可變頻率振蕩器頻率穩定度、準確度不高的缺點，而形成的頻率合成技術[2]。
??? 一個典型的鎖相頻率合成器的原理框圖如圖1所示。
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??? VCO是一種電壓-頻率變換裝置，具有一個比例常數KVCO。環路濾波器是一個低通濾波器，常用離散元器件實現。本設計選用如圖2所示的RC比例積分濾波器，它會把鑒相器輸出的即使是非常微小的電壓積累起來，形成一個相當大的VCO控制電壓。通過改變R1、R2、C的值來改變鎖相環的性能。環路濾波器對鎖相頻率合成器的性能有很大影響。該控制電壓調整了VCO的輸出相位，除以N后，等于比較頻率的相位。因為相位是頻率的積分，所以這個過程同樣適用于頻率，其輸出頻率為：
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式中，Fo為輸出頻率，Fi為信號源輸入頻率，只有在PLL處于鎖定狀態下才成立，而在PLL重新調整到鎖定狀態的中間過程不成立。在實際應用中，R值是固定的，N值是可變的[3]。
??? 在環路中加入N分頻器之后，對VCO來說，它實際上就變成了倍頻器。所以信號倍頻的同時噪聲也將增加，因此在設計鎖相環時N值不能太大[4]。
2?頻率合成器系統設計
??? 本設計在Altera公司MAX+PLUSⅡ開發軟件平臺上，利用AHDL語言進行系統設計，結合MAX7000設計可變頻鎖相式頻率合成器，并通過MAX+PLUSⅡ集成環境進行仿真、綜合、驗證。以鎖相環集成芯片CD4046為核心設計的鎖相式頻率合成器系統框圖如圖3所示，選擇了Altera公司MAX7000系列的EPM7128SLC84芯片以及DM74LS14、HD74LS00和6 MHz的有源晶振HS-SPXO等器件來實現系統的設計。
??? 圖3中由6 MHz有源晶振通過CPLD的控制進行分頻，得到1 kHz的頻率信號，作為CD4046的輸入信號，VCO的輸出信號經過可預置分頻器后，兩者在鑒相器中進行比較，所產生的信號經LP放大后，對VCO實現環路牽引，使環路達到鎖定目的。CPLD控制可預置N的變化，當N變化時，輸出信號頻率響應跟著輸入信號變化，同時CPLD也實現了鍵盤輸入與數碼顯示的功能。
3?分頻比控制的設計
3.1?CD4046部分電路設計
??? CD4046是一款集成鎖相環芯片，是通用的CMOS鎖相環集成電路，包含鑒相器、壓控振蕩器2部分，使用時需外接低通濾波器(圖2)形成完整的鎖相環。其內部設有1個6.2 V的齊納穩壓管，在需要時作為輔助電源。此芯片特點是：電源電壓范圍寬(3 V～18 V)、輸入阻抗高(約100 MΩ)、動態功耗小，在中心頻率f0為10 kHz下功耗僅為600 μW，屬微功耗器件。
??? 實際電路中加了2片芯片，分別為HD74LS00(“與非門”)和DM74LS14(“非門”)，用來濾波給波形去噪，以得到比較理想的輸出波形。
3.2?CPLD部分電路設計
??? CPLD集成芯片EPM7128SLC84-15用于實現信號源的分頻，可預置分頻N的鍵盤輸入及數碼管的顯示。實現頻率合成器的鍵盤輸入、數碼管顯示的程序流程圖如圖4所示，設計電路如圖5所示。
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??? 圖中數碼管選用的是四連一的數碼管。鍵盤使用的是矩陣鍵盤。在設計中，通過JATG接口把程序加裝到CPLD芯片中，以控制鎖相式頻率合成器的輸出頻率。
4?系統測試
本設計的目的是用于教學演示，波形的好壞是最關心的問題。用示波器對頻率合成器的波形進行檢測得到的結果N分別為3、9、28、99的示波器組圖，如圖6所示，通過鍵盤輸入改變N的值，從而實現可變分頻。圖6中，Fi是從鑒相器(PD)的輸入端輸入的信號(單位為kHz，見圖3)；Fo是從壓控振蕩器(VCO)的輸出端輸出的信號(單位為kHz，見圖3)。由圖6可以看出，實驗結果達到了預期的要求。
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??? 本設計不僅可用來做頻率合成器，還可以根據需要作為頻率源使用，因為其使用有源晶振，可以根據需要來選取、調換，僅使用CPLD的模塊部分進行分頻輸出。該設計具有一定的靈活性，可以在此基礎上進行功能擴展，可用NE560系列的芯片來代替低頻器件CD4046實現頻率范圍的擴展，同時還可使用更高性能的FPGA器件來實現分頻，以及結合跳頻等技術來實現不同頻率段的跳頻等，以滿足更高其他的需求和應用。
參考文獻?
[1] 張濤.顯示控制CMOS鎖相環頻率合成器設計.半導體技術，2008，33(1)：1.
[2] 于洪珍.通信電子電路.北京：清華大學出版社，2005：229，234-235，241-242.
[3] 李曉慶.UHF鎖相頻率合成器設計及實現.大連：大連海事大學，2006：5-6.
[4] 鄧芳明.高性能頻率合成器中鑒相器和電荷泵的研究與設計.合肥：合肥工業大學，2005：7-8.
[5] 鎖相環 CD4046原理及應用.http：//blog.sina.com.cn/u/437a2a7f01000cgh，2007-05-11.